Intelligent integrated network security device for high-availability applications

ABSTRACT

Methods and apparatuses for inspecting packets are provided. A primary security system may be configured for processing packets. The primary security system may be operable to maintain flow information for a group of devices to facilitate processing of the packets. A secondary security system may be designated for processing packets upon a failover event. Flow records may be shared from the primary security system with the secondary security system.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/961,075, filed Oct. 12, 2004 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,734,752), which isa continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/402,920,filed Mar. 28, 2003 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,650,634), which is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/072,683,filed Feb. 8, 2002. These U.S. patent applications are hereinincorporated by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Systems, apparatuses and methods consistent with the principles of theinvention relate generally to controlling computer network security.

BACKGROUND

Firewalls and intrusion detection systems are devices that may be usedto protect a computer network from unauthorized or disruptive users. Afirewall can be used to secure a local area network from users outsidethe local area network. A firewall checks, routes, and frequently labelsall messages sent to or from users outside the local area network. Anintrusion detection system (IDS) can be used to examine informationbeing communicated within a network to recognize suspicious patterns ofbehavior. Information obtained by the IDS can be used to blockunauthorized or disruptive users from accessing the network. Anintrusion prevention system (IPS) is an in-line version of an IDS. AnIPS can be used to examine information as it is being communicatedwithin a network to recognize suspicious patterns of behavior.

A flow-based router (FBR) can allow network administrators to implementpacket forwarding and routing according to network policies defined by anetwork administrator. FBRs can allow network administrators toimplement policies that selectively cause packets to be routed throughspecific paths in the network. FBRs can also be used to ensure thatcertain types of packets receive differentiated, preferential service asthey are routed. Conventional routers can forward packets to theirdestination address based on available routing information. Instead ofrouting solely based on the destination address, FBRs can enable anetwork administrator to implement routing policies to allow or denypackets based on several other criteria including the application, theprotocol, the packet size and the identity of the end system.

A packet filter can operate on the data in the network layer to defend atrusted network from attack by an untrusted network. For example, packetfilters inspect fields of the Transmission Control Protocol/InternetProtocol (TCP/IP) header including, the protocol type, the source anddestination Internet Protocol (IP) address, and the source anddestination port numbers. Disadvantages of packet filters include, slowspeed and difficult management in large networks with complex securitypolicies.

A proxy server can operate on values carried in the application layer toinsulate a trusted network from an untrusted network. In an applicationproxy server, two Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) connections may beestablished: one between the packet source and the proxy server, anotherbetween the proxy server and the packet destination. The applicationproxy server can receive the arriving packets on behalf of thedestination server. The application data can be assembled and examinedby the proxy server, and a second TCP connection can be opened betweenthe proxy server and the destination server to relay permitted packetsto the destination server. Proxy servers can be slow because of theadditional protocol stack overhead required to inspect packets at theapplication layer. Furthermore, because a unique proxy can be requiredfor each application, proxy servers can be complex to implement anddifficult to modify for supporting new applications. In addition,because proxy servers only examine application packets, proxy serversmay not detect an attempted network security intrusion at the TCP ornetwork layers.

SUMMARY

The present invention provides methods and apparatuses for inspectingpackets.

In a first aspect, a method is provided for inspecting packets. Themethod may include configuring a primary security system for processingpackets, where the primary security system is operable to maintain flowinformation for a group of devices to facilitate processing of thepackets, designating a security system for processing packets upon afailover event, and sharing flow records from the primary securitysystem with the secondary security system

In a second aspect, a system is provided. The system may include a firstapparatus. The first apparatus may include a first security device, afirst module operable to maintain flow information associated withpackets received from a computer network, and a communication interfaceoperable to permit an exchange of flow records with a second apparatus.The first module is further operable to share device-specific flowinformation with the first security device.

In a third aspect, a system for inspecting packets is provided. Thesystem may include a primary security apparatus operable to receive andprocess packets. The primary security apparatus may include means formaintaining flow information for a group of devices included in theprimary security apparatus. A secondary apparatus is operable to processpackets for the primary security apparatus when a failover event occurs.The secondary security apparatus further includes means for sharing flowinformation among a group of devices. The system further comprises meansfor sharing flow records from the primary security apparatus to thesecondary security apparatus.

The details of one or more implementations of the invention are setforth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Otherfeatures and advantages of the invention will become apparent from thedescription, the drawings, and the claims.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a network topology including a session module.

FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of the session module.

FIG. 3 shows the structure of a flow table.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart describing the operation of the session module.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart describing session classification.

FIG. 6 shows the quasi-reassembly information generated by the sessionmodule.

FIG. 7 shows a network topology where the session module is included ina firewall.

FIG. 8 shows a network topology where the session module operates inseries with a firewall, IPS, and router.

FIG. 9 shows a network topology where a session module, firewall, IPSand router are included in a single security device.

FIG. 10 shows a network topology where a group of security devices isincluded in a high availability architecture.

FIG. 11 a-c illustrate processes for providing failover protection inthe network topology of FIG. 10.

Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicatelike elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 shows an exemplary network topology including a local areanetwork (LAN) 100, including a server 102, several workstations (W/S)104 a-104 c (collectively, “104”), and a security system 124. Thesecurity system 124 may include a session module 122 and a group ofother security devices. In the implementation shown, security system 124may include two security devices, a first security device 106 and asecond security device 108. LAN 100 may be connected to an externalnetwork e.g., the Internet 114 b, through security system 124. LAN 100may also be connected to a second LAN 116 through an external network,e.g., Internet 114 a. Second LAN 116 may include a web server 110, anemail server 112, a server 138, several workstations 134 a-134 f(collectively, “134”) and a security system 124. LAN 116 is connected toInternet 114 a via security system 126. Security system 126 may includea first security device 128, second security device 130, and sessionmodule 132. The computers, servers and other devices in the LAN may beinterconnected using a number of data transmission media such as, forexample, wire, fiber optics, and radio waves. Security system 124 andsecurity system 126 may operate in a similar manner. Using securitysystem 124 by way of example, session module 122 may monitor packetsbeing communicated within the network. In one implementation, firstsecurity device 106 may be a firewall and second security device 108 maybe an IPS. Session module 122 may act in conjunction with first securitydevice 106 and second security device 108 to facilitate blocking ofpackets associated with an attempted network security intrusion.

FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of an exemplary session module, such assession module 122. Session module 122 may include an incoming packetinterface 205 for receiving packets. Session module 132 may operate in asimilar manner. The received packets may be analyzed by a flowprocessing engine (FPE) 202 to determine if an attempted networksecurity intrusion is in progress. Session module 122 may also include aflow table 215. Flow table 215 may be used to store informationregarding flows associated with received packets. Session module 122 mayalso include interfaces to other security devices on the network. In oneimplementation, session module 122 may include a firewall interface 220,an IPS interface 225, and a flow-based router interface 230. Securitydevice interfaces 218 may be used by session module 122 to obtaininformation regarding the received packet, and information regarding theflow associated with the packet, in order to determine if the receivedpacket should be allowed or modified. Security device interfaces 218 mayalso be used by session module 122 to communicate flow information thatmay be used by the security devices to facilitate processing of thepacket.

FIG. 3 illustrates a structure of a flow table 215 that may be used inimplementations consistent with the principles of the invention. Flowtable 215 may include flow records 302 a-302 e (collectively, “302”)associated with current TCP/IP flows. A TCP/IP flow may include asequence of data packets communicating information between a source anda destination in one direction. The flow records may be indexed using anindexing key 305. Indexing key 305 may be used to store and retrieve theappropriate flow record associated with a received packet. In oneimplementation, indexing key 305 may be a hash key and flow table 215may be implemented as a hash table. Session module 122 (FIG. 2) maystore instructions for two or more security devices on the network inthe same flow record. In one implementation of session module 122,instructions for three security devices (e.g., devices 310, 315, and320) may be stored in flow records 302. Flow records 302 may storepolicy information (e.g., firewall policy, IPS policy etc., to apply tothe flow) as well as other information that may be used by the securitydevices such as encryption parameters, address translation parameters,bookkeeping information, and statistics. Flow records 302 can alsoinclude flow information 325 for use by session module 122 in order todecide whether the packet should be allowed. Such information caninclude information required to implement network policies regarding,for example connection time out, time billing, and bandwidth usage.Flows, sessions and flow tables are described in greater detail in aco-pending and commonly owned patent application entitled “Multi-MethodGateway-Based Network Security Systems and Methods,” and assigned U.S.patent application Ser. No. 10/072,683, the contents of which are hereinincorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIG. 4 a flowchart that describes exemplary operation of FPE 202 (FIG.2) in an implementation consistent with the principles of the invention.Incoming packets may be received by session module 122 (act 400). IPpackets may be de-fragmented (act 402) and the IP header may bevalidated for each IP packet (act 403). During act 403, the IP headerassociated with a given packet may be extracted and inspected forfundamental flaws.

If the packet is a TCP packet (act 404), the TCP header may be validated(act 405) and the TCP packets may be reassembled (act 410). Thevalidation process may include extracting TCP header data and evaluatingthe header for fundamental flaws. Quasi-reassembly information developedin act 410 may be communicated by session module 122 to other securitydevices to facilitate processing of the packet by the other securitydevices. Reassembly is described in greater detail below and in U.S.patent application Ser. No. 10/072,683.

In act 415, FPE 202 may perform session classification using the TCP/IPheader data associated with a given received packet. Session module 122may determine if the packet should be allowed based on informationobtained regarding the TCP/IP flow associated with the received packetand retrieved from flow table entry (act 420). In addition, sessionmodule 122 may use information returned from one of the other securitydevices e.g., a firewall (act 425), an IPS (act 430), and a flow basedrouter (act 435). Further, session module 122 may also facilitate theoperation of the security devices by communicating flow information to arespective device for processing a given packet. Finally, FPE 202 mayforward the packet if the packet should be allowed (act 440). Otherwise,the packet is otherwise processed (act 445). Otherwise processing mayinclude logging particular information regarding the packet, holding thepacket, or modifying and/or dropping the packet.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart that illustrates exemplary processing that may beincluded in session classification (act 415 of FIG. 4). The sessionclassification act may receive a packet (act 500) and extractinformation that may be used to determine whether the packet should beallowed. The extracted information may include source and destination IPaddresses, source and destination port numbers, and a protocol (act505). The extracted information may be used to search flow table 215(act 510) in order to determine if the packet is associated with a knownsession flow. For a known session flow, act 510 may produce a matchingflow record in flow table 215 (act 515). If a matching flow record isfound, FPE 202 (FIG. 2) may extract TCP/IP session information for thereceived packet (act 520) from the matching flow record. FPE 202 maydetermine whether the received packet should be allowed using the TCP/IPsession information obtained during act 520. More specifically, FPE 202may extract information from the matching flow record, and may pass theinformation to the security devices (e.g., communicating the session IDand the TCP/IP session information as well as any other security devicespecific information from the flow record) (act 525). Depending on thereturned results from the security devices, FPE 202 can forward, drop,log, store, modify or otherwise process the given packet (act 530).

If a matching flow record is not found in flow table 215 during act 515,the received packet may be associated with a new TCP/IP session (act532). For a new TCP/IP session, FPE 202 may assign a session ID to thenew session and FPE 202 may communicate with the other security devices(e.g. firewall, IPS, flow router) to determine a security policy forpackets associated with the new session. For example, FPE 202 may obtaininformation from a firewall (act 540) in order to determine if receivedpackets associated with the new session should be allowed. FPE 202 maycommunicate with an IPS (act 545) in order to determine if the receivedpacket should be blocked because it matches known attack signatures forattempted network security intrusions. FPE 202 may obtain any networkpolicy associated with the new session from a flow router (act 550). FPE202 may act as an arbiter between the different security devices and usethe information obtained from the security devices either individuallyor in combination to determine if the packets associated with the newTCP/IP session should be allowed. FPE 202 may use the informationobtained from the security devices to create a new flow record and maystore the new flow record in flow table 215 (act 555). The new flowrecord may include the TCP/IP session information for the new sessionassociated with the received packet and any other specific securitydevice information. Thereafter, FPE 202 may facilitate the processing ofreceived packets associated with a given TCP/IP session as describedabove in association with FIG. 4 including communicating the session ID,TCP/IP session information and security device specific information tothe security devices from a corresponding flow record.

In addition to determining if a received packet is associated with anattempted network security intrusion using the varied security devices,session module 122 (FIG. 2) may also perform quasi-reassembly of thereceived TCP/IP packets as described above in association with FIG. 4.FIG. 6 shows exemplary quasi-reassembly information that may begenerated by session module 122. The quasi-reassembly information mayinclude a pointer to a location of a given packet 600 in memory and apointer to information including a relative position of the packet in aflow 605. In one implementation, an IPS may perform passive TCP/IPreassembly and pointer to the location of the packet 600 may be used tolocate the packet within the IPS. In another implementation, pointer toinformation containing the relative position of the packet in the flow605 may be used to obtain the TCP/IP sequence number included in theTCP/IP header associated with the packet. The quasi-reassemblyinformation may be communicated to the security devices connected tosession module 122 (FIG. 2). The security devices may use thequasi-reassembly information to process the received packet.

Session module 122, described above, may be used in a number ofdifferent network topologies. FIG. 7 shows a network topology where asession module 122 is integrated into a firewall 705. Firewall 705 mayinclude an interface to a router 720 and an IPS 715. Firewall 705 mayreceive packets from an external network interface 700. Firewall 705 maycommunicate with IPS 715 to determine whether the received packet shouldbe blocked based on known attack signatures. If firewall 705 and IPS 715determine that the packet should be allowed to pass, firewall 705 maysend the received packet to router 720. Router 720 may forward theoutgoing packet to its intended destination, using an internal networkinterface 725, based on the network policies stored in the router.

FIG. 8 shows an exemplary alternate arrangement for implementingcomputer network security using session module 122. In this arrangement,session module 820 may operate in series with a firewall 805, an IPS810, and a router 815. Packets received using an external networkinterface 800 may be screened by firewall 805 before being communicatedto router 815. Firewall 805 may also send information regarding thereceived packet to IPS 810. IPS 810 may examine the received packet andmay inform session module 820 if the received packet should be blockedbased on known attack signatures. Router 815 may send the packet tosession module 820 for further processing. If session module 820determines that the received packet should be allowed it may forward thereceived packet to its intended destination using an internal networkinterface 825.

FIG. 9 shows an exemplary high availability arrangement for implementingcomputer network security using session module 122. In this arrangement,a network topology may include a local area network (LAN) 900, includingexternal network interfaces 902 a, internal network interfaces 904 a,and a first security system 924 a. First security system 924 a mayinclude session module 122 a and a group of other security devices. Inthe implementation shown, first security system 924 a includes twosecurity devices, a firewall device 905 a and an IPS device 910 a. Inother implementations, first security system 924 a may include more orfewer security devices, such as, for example, one firewall 905 a and noIPS. LAN 900 may be connected through first security system 924 a to anexternal network e.g., the Internet, by external network interface 902a. LAN 900 may also be connected through a second security system 924 bto an external network e.g., the Internet, by external network interface902 b. Second security system 924 b may include session module 122 b anda group of security modules. In the implementation shown, secondsecurity system 924 b may include two security devices, a firewall 905 band an IPS device 910 b and an internal network interface 904 b. Inother implementations, second security system 924 b may include more orfewer security devices, such as, for example, one firewall 905 b and noIPS. First and second security devices 924 a/b may be identicallyconfigured. First and second security systems 924 a/b may be connectedvia a link 929. Link 929 may be a secure link. Link 929 may be aninternal link to LAN 900 or alternatively, a link that is part of anexternal network. Second security system 924 b may be directly coupledto an external network, e.g., the Internet, using external networkinterface 902 b. Alternatively, second security system 924 b may becoupled to the external network through first security system 924 a.Similarly, first and second security systems 924 a/b may share a singleinternal network interface. Computers, servers and other devices in theLAN 900 may be interconnected using a number of data transmission media,including, but not limited to wire, fiber optics, and radio waves.

Other configurations for a high availability network topology arepossible. In each configuration, second security system 924 b may act atfailover to support traffic processed by first security system 924 a. Inone implementation consistent with the principles of the invention,second security system 924 b may be provided by a pool of securitysystems. In the pool, at least one security system may be identified asa primary failover system. One or more other security systems in thepool may be identified as secondary failover systems. Each of the secondsecurity systems may be passive (i.e., idle until a failover event) oractively processing packets in support of its own network requirements.In one implementation consistent with the principles of the invention, afirst and second security system may each provide failover protectionfor the other. In such an implementation, failover data may be exchangedbetween the two security systems. The operation of the security systemsprior to, and in support of, failover is discussed in greater detailbelow.

In a high availability implementation shown in FIG. 9, second securitysystem 924 b may be configured to operate at failover of first securitysystem 924 a. Failover may arise when either first security system 924a, or links to first security system 924 a, fail in the networktopology. Failover may be detected by a failure to receive a keep-alivesignal, data or other status information by second security system 924b. In one implementation consistent with the principles of theinvention, first security system 924 a may include a failover engine930. Failover engine 930 may be operable to transmit failover data toanother security system (e.g., second security system 924 b) so as tosynchronize the two security systems. In one implementation consistentwith the principles of the invention, the failover data may include datafrom flow table 215 (part of session module 122) associated with arespective security system (e.g., first security system 924 a). Morespecifically, after failover, a second security system (e.g., secondsecurity system 924 b) may receive packets for routing and processingordinarily (i.e., but for the failure) destined for processing by thefirst security system (e.g., first security system 924 b). Some of thepackets received relate to sessions that have previously been processedand identified in the first security system. Sharing the flowinformation prior to failover may allow the second security system toseamlessly process packets for existing flows as they are received.Conventional systems that do not share flow information prior tofailover may be required to drop all packets that relate to existingsessions (i.e., sessions that were current at the time of failover) or,alternatively, repeat processing steps.

As described above, session module 122 a within first security system924 a may monitor packets being communicated within the network. Sessionmodule 122 a may act in conjunction with firewall device 905 a and IPSdevice 910 a to facilitate blocking of packets associated with attemptednetwork security intrusions.

A failover engine 930 of secondary security system 924 b (FIG. 9) mayoperate to detect a failure in one or more primary security systems(e.g., the first security system) for which a given security system maybe designated to act as a failover device. Failover engine 930 mayoperate to detect failures in the links or operation of a given primarysecurity system. In one implementation consistent with the principles ofthe invention, a given security system may act as a failover system fora one or more other security systems. Failover engine 930 may controlreceipt of and update of information for flow table 215 in a respectivedevice. More specifically, failover engine 930 may be operable toprovide synchronization information from a primary security system to asecondary security system, update the synchronization information overtime, detect the failure of the primary security system and initiate theprocessing of packets in the secondary security system for packets thatotherwise would have been processed by the primary security system butfor the detected failure.

Referring now to FIG. 10, another implementation of session module 122is illustrated. This implementation of session module 122 may includeincoming packet interface 205 for receiving packets. The receivedpackets may be analyzed by flow processing engine (FPE) 202 to determineif an attempted network security intrusion is in progress. Sessionmodule 122 may also includes flow table 215. Flow table 215 may be usedto store information regarding flows associated with received packets.Flow table 215 may include a primary or active portion 1002 and asecondary portion 1004. Primary portion 1002 may be that portion of theflow table dedicated to store information related to the operation ofthe given session module as a primary security system (e.g., store flowinformation for which the session module is actively participating inthe processing of the packets). Secondary portion 1004 may be thatportion of the flow table dedicated to store information related to theoperation of the given session module as a secondary security system(e.g., failover/synchronization information for flows that the sessionmodule may process in the event of a failover). In one implementation,the primary and secondary portions 1002 and 1004 may be integrated inflow table 215. In another implementation, flow table 215 may storemultiple secondary portions corresponding to multiple primary securitysystems for which a given session module may be providing failoversupport.

Session module 122 may also include interfaces to other security deviceson the network as well as one or more interfaces to other securitysystems. In one implementation consistent with the principles of theinvention, session module 122 may include a firewall interface 220, anIPS interface 225, and a failover interface 1000. The security deviceinterfaces are used by session module 122 to obtain informationregarding the received packet, and information regarding the flowassociated with the packet, in order to determine if the received packetshould be allowed or modified. The security device interfaces may alsobe used by session module 122 to communicate flow information that thesecurity devices may use to facilitate processing of the packet.Failover interface 1000 may be used to transmit synchronizationinformation to other security systems in the network.

In one implementation consistent with the principles of the invention,each of the primary and secondary security systems may include sessionmodules 122 that may include failover engine 930. In such animplementation, first security system 924 a and second security system924 b (FIG. 9) may not have a separate failover engine 930 outside ofsession module 122.

The processing steps for the first security system (i.e., a primarysecurity system that operates to conventionally pass packets) mayinclude the initialization of a flow table 215 in session module 122(act 1102). After initialization, failover engine 930 may identifyinformation reflecting the initial/current state of the flow table 215(act 1104) and may pass the information to a second security systemthrough failover interface 1000 (where it is stored, e.g., in secondaryportion 1004) (act 1106). After initialization, session module 122 forthe first security system may analyze packets and develop furthersession and other information that is stored in or deleted from flowtable 215 as described above with respect to FIGS. 3-5 (act 1108). Atpredetermined times, failover engine 930 may provide information fromflow table 215 to one or more second security systems through failoverinterface 1000 (act 1110). This process may repeat so as to maintain acurrent copy of information from flow table 215 in the second securitysystems (e.g., in respective secondary portions of flow table 215).

In one implementation, flow table 215 may be copied and provided in itsentirety to the second security system at predetermined times. In analternative implementation, only portions of flow table 215 may becopied. In one implementation, a message is sent each time a session iscreated or torn down in the first security system. In oneimplementation, time-out information may be provided for each newsession. In this implementation, a refresh message may be sent to eachsecond security system whenever an associated timer in the firstsecurity system is reset (i.e., refreshing the timers in the secondsecurity systems). Alternatively, no time-out information may be sentwith the session information passed to the second security systems. Inthis configuration, the second security systems may receive refreshmessages at set-up and tear down of sessions in the first securitysystem.

In one implementation, time-out information may be provided for each newsession created. In the second security systems, the time-out functionmay be disabled (i.e., the second security systems will not delete thesession from the flow table after the time-out period has expired). Inone implementation, only when a second security system takes over packetprocessing after a failover may the timers be activated for the trafficassociated with the first security system.

The processing acts for the second security system (e.g., the securitysystem that operates to process packets from the first security systemat failover) may include the initialization of flow table 215 in sessionmodule 122 of second security system (act 1122). Information reflectingthe initial state of flow table 215 may be received by the secondsecurity system through failover interface 1000 (act 1124) and stored insecondary portion of flow table 215 (act 1126). The second securitysystem may continue to receive updates from the first security system atpredetermined intervals (act 1128) and flow table 215 may be updated(act 1126). When a failover is detected by failover engine 930 (act1130), session module 122 for the secondary security system mayinitialize flow table 215 (act 1132). Failover may be detected by anexternal entity or by the second security system. Packets may beprovided to both the first and the second security system forprocessing. However, the second security system may be configured to notprocess packets unless a failover has been detected. Failover detectionmay be detected by ping or keep-alive signals. In one implementation,the first security system may provide a keep-alive signal to the secondsecurity system. Alternatively, the second security system may ping thefirst security system intermittently to determine whether the firstsecurity system is operational. In another implementation, externalentities may monitor the operation of the first security system. Upondetection of a fault in either the first security system or theconnection paths associated therewith, a take-over signal can begenerated and passed to an appropriate second security system.

Initializing flow table 215 in the second security system may includeactivating an appropriate secondary portion 1004 of flow table 215.Initialization may include the reordering of flow table 215 to integraterecords of the primary and secondary portions 1002 and 1004 respectively(e.g., if the second security system is actively supporting other packetprocessing prior to failover). In one implementation, each record mayinclude a label indicating to which security system the record belongs.The label may be used to easily clear records from the primary portionof the flow table of the second security system in the event the primarysecurity system is recovered. Thereafter, session module 122 in thesecond system may begin to receive and analyze packets (developingfurther session and other information that is stored in/deleted fromflow table 215) as described above with respect to FIGS. 3-5 (act 1134).At predetermined times, failover engine 930 of session module 122 mayprovide information from flow table 215 to one or more third securitysystems through its failover interface 1000 (act 1136). Updateinformation may be provided at predetermined intervals to the thirdsecurity system(s) so as to maintain a current copy of information fromflow table 215 in the one or more third security systems. In oneimplementation, flow table 215 may be copied and provided in itsentirety to the one or more third security systems at predeterminedtimes. In an alternative implementation, only portions of flow table 215may be copied. In one implementation, the process may continue tooperate on packets until a predetermined event occurs. The predeterminedevent may be the recovery from the failure in the first security system.

Referring now to FIG. 11 c, a process for providing high availability ina security network is shown. A primary security system may be identified(act 1152) and one or more secondary security systems may be identified(act 1154). The primary security system may be a security system thatoperates to process packets that the primary security system receivesuntil a failover event occurs. Failover may include failure of theprimary security system as well as links from the primary securitysystem to the network. The secondary security systems may be designatedas available for processing the load of packets associated with theprimary security system after a failover event. In one implementation,one secondary security system may be identified. In an alternativeimplementation, a pool of secondary security systems may be identified.In one implementation of the pool, one secondary system may bedesignated as a master and one or more other secondary security systemsmay be designated as slaves. At failover, the master security system mayact to process packets of the failed primary security system. The slavesmay operate to take the place of the master upon failure of the masterdevice.

Returning to the high availability process, the primary security systemmay initialize flow table 215 (act 1156) and the initial configurationof the flow table may be passed to the secondary security system(s) (act1158). Packets may be conventionally processed by the primary securitysystem and flow table 215 may be updated accordingly (act 1160). Atpredetermined times, flow table 215 from the secondary system may beupdated with information from the primary security system (act 1162).When a failover event is detected (act 1164), the secondary securitysystem may initialize flow table 215 in the secondary system and maybegin to process packets routed to the primary security system (act1166). In one implementation, upon correction of the failover event, theprimary security system may be reinitialized, including updating flowtable 215, and packet processing may be resumed by the primary securitysystem.

Where as described above with respect to FIG. 9, the primary andsecondary security systems include multiple security devices (e.g., afirewall and IPS), no separate synchronization of the individual devicesmay be required. Accordingly, the amount of data to be passed betweenthe respective devices is minimized. Further, reliability may beincreased with the minimization of information that is to be passed. Inthe configuration shown in FIG. 9, each of the security devices mayshare information in unified flow table 215. Other processingefficiencies can be realized in the secondary security system. Forexample, at failover, packets that were previously identified as beingpart of a recognized flow may bypass processing by the IPS. In oneimplementation, two security systems may act as failover devices foreach other (e.g., first system acts as failover for the second systemand visa versa). In other implementations, the failover security systemmay be a conventional system (i.e., no shared flow information amongdevices) and the flow information that is received by the failoversecurity system may be shared with multiple devices.

Embodiments consistent with the principles of the invention may beimplemented in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer hardware,firmware, software, or in combinations of them. Embodiments may beimplemented as a computer program product, i.e., a computer programtangibly embodied in an information carrier, e.g., in a machine-readablestorage device or in a propagated signal, for execution by, or tocontrol the operation of, data processing apparatus, e.g., aprogrammable processor, a computer, or multiple computers. A computerprogram may be written in any form of programming language, includingcompiled or interpreted languages, and it may be deployed in any form,including as a stand-alone program or as a module, component,subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment. Acomputer program may be deployed to be executed on one computer or onmultiple computers at one site or distributed across multiple sites andinterconnected by a communication network.

Method acts of the invention may be performed by one or moreprogrammable processors executing a computer program to performfunctions of the invention by operating on input data and generatingoutput. Method acts may also be performed by, and apparatuses may beimplemented as, special purpose logic circuitry, e.g., an FPGA (fieldprogrammable gate array) or an ASIC (application-specific integratedcircuit).

Processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, byway of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, andany one or more processors of any kind of digital computer. Generally, aprocessor may receive instructions and data from a read-only memory or arandom access memory or both. The essential elements of a computer are aprocessor for executing instructions and one or more memory devices forstoring instructions and data. Generally, a computer may also include,or be operatively coupled to receive data from or transfer data to, orboth, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g., magnetic,magneto-optical disks, or optical disks. Information carriers suitablefor embodying computer program instructions and data may include allforms of nonvolatile memory, including by way of example semiconductormemory devices, e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magneticdisks, e.g., internal hard disks or removable disks; magneto-opticaldisks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks. The processor and the memory may besupplemented by, or incorporated in special purpose logic circuitry.

Embodiments consistent with the principles of the invention may beimplemented in a computing system that includes a back-end component,e.g., as a data server, or that includes a middleware component, e.g.,an application server, or that includes a front-end component, e.g., aclient computer having a graphical user interface or a Web browserthrough which a user may interact with an implementation of theinvention, or any combination of such back-end, middleware, or front-endcomponents. The components of the system may be interconnected by anyform or medium of digital data communication, e.g., a communicationnetwork. Examples of communication networks include, for example, alocal area network (“LAN”) and a wide area network (“WAN”), e.g., theInternet.

The computing system may include clients and servers. A client andserver may be remote from each other and may interact through acommunication network. The relationship of client and server arises byvirtue of computer programs running on the respective computers andhaving a client-server relationship to each other.

This invention has been described in terms of particular embodiments.Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may bemade without departing with the spirit and scope of the invention. Forinstance, the steps of the invention may be performed in a differentorder and still achieve desirable results. In addition, the sessionmodule, IPS, firewall, and router may all be incorporated into a singledevice such as the configuration shown in FIG. 9. Other configurationsof a session module packaged with one or more security devices are alsopossible. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of thefollowing claims.

1. A system comprising: a first apparatus comprising: a first securitydevice; and a first memory to store: first information relating toprocessing a first flow associated with one or more first packetsreceived from a network, and second information relating to processing asecond flow associated with one or more second packets received from thenetwork and intended for a second apparatus, the first flow beingdifferent than the second flow, the second apparatus being differentthan the first apparatus, the first apparatus to: determine whether afailover event, associated with the second apparatus, has occurred,activate the second information in the first memory when the failoverevent, associated with the second apparatus, has occurred, and processpackets, associated with the second flow, using the first securitydevice and the activated second information when the failover event,associated with the second apparatus, has occurred, packets, associatedwith the first flow, being processed using the first security device andthe first information when the failover event, associated with thesecond apparatus, has not occurred.
 2. The system of claim 1, furthercomprising the second apparatus, the second apparatus furthercomprising: a second security device; and a second memory to: store thefirst information and the second information.
 3. The system of claim 2,where the second apparatus is to: detect that a failover event,associated with the first apparatus, has occurred; and process packets,associated with the first flow, using the second device and the firstinformation, when the failover event, associated with the firstapparatus, has occurred, the second apparatus not processing thepackets, associated with the first flow, when the failover event,associated with the first apparatus, has not occurred.
 4. The system ofclaim 3, where the first apparatus is to: resume processing the packets,associated with the first flow, when the failover event, associated withthe second apparatus, is corrected.
 5. The system of claim 1, where thefailover event, associated with the second apparatus, includes a failureof the second apparatus.
 6. The system of claim 1, where the failoverevent associated with the second apparatus, includes a failure of a linkfrom the second apparatus.
 7. The system of claim 1, where the firstapparatus is to: detect that a keep-alive signal has not been receivedfrom the second apparatus, determine that of the failover event,associated with the second apparatus, has occurred based on detectingthat the keep-alive signal has not been received from the secondapparatus, and process the packets, associated with the second flow,based on determining that the failover event, associated with the secondapparatus, has occurred.
 8. The system of claim 1, where the firstapparatus is to: receive a take-over signal associated with the secondapparatus, determine that the failover event, associated with the secondapparatus, has occurred based on receiving the take-over signal.
 9. Thesystem of claim 8, further comprising: a third apparatus to monitoroperation of the second apparatus and to send the take-over signal tothe first apparatus when the third apparatus detects a fault associatedwith the second apparatus based on monitoring the operation of thesecond apparatus.
 10. The system of claim 1, where the first apparatusis to determine whether the failover event, associated with the secondapparatus, has occurred at predetermined time intervals.
 11. The systemof claim 1, where the second apparatus is to send a refresh message whena session, associated with the second apparatus, is set-up orterminated.
 12. The system of claim 1, where the first apparatus isfurther to: reorder information, stored in the first memory, tointegrate records respectively included in the first information and thesecond information, each of the records including a label thatidentifies one of the first apparatus or the second apparatus.
 13. Asystem comprising: a primary security apparatus, to process packets in afirst traffic flow; a secondary security apparatus to: store firstinformation relating to processing the first traffic flow, store secondinformation relating to processing a second traffic flow that isdifferent than the first traffic flow, activate the first informationwhen a failover event, associated with the primary security apparatus,has been detected, process the packets, in the first traffic flow, whenthe failover event has been detected, the packets, in the first trafficflow, being processed using the activated first information, and processpackets, in the second traffic flow, when the failover event has notbeen detected, the packets, in the second traffic flow, being processedusing the second information.
 14. The system of claim 13, where thesecondary security apparatus further is to: detect an occurrence of thefailover event associated with the primary security apparatus; and theprimary security apparatus further is to: detect an occurrence of afailover event associated with the secondary security apparatus, andprocess the packets in the second traffic flow, for the secondarysecurity apparatus, when the occurrence of the failover event,associated with the secondary security apparatus, is detected.
 15. Thesystem of claim 14, where the secondary security apparatus is to: detectthat a keep-alive signal, generated by the primary security apparatus,has not been received, and detect the occurrence of the failover event,associated with the primary security apparatus, based on detecting thatthe keep-alive signal has not been received; and where the primarysecurity apparatus is to: detect that a keep-alive signal, generated bythe secondary security apparatus, has not been received, and detect theoccurrence of the failover event, associated with the secondary securityapparatus, based on detecting that the keep-alive signal, generated bythe secondary security apparatus, has not been received.
 16. The systemof claim 14, where the primary security apparatus is to resumeprocessing the packets in the first flow, when a condition that causedthe failover event, associated with the primary security apparatus, iscorrected; and where the secondary security apparatus is to resumeprocessing the packets in the second flow, when a condition that causedthe failover event, associated with the secondary security apparatus, iscorrected.
 17. The system of claim 13, where the failover eventassociated with the primary security apparatus, includes: a failure ofthe primary security apparatus, a failure of a link between the primarysecurity apparatus and the secondary security apparatus.
 18. The systemof claim 13, where the secondary security apparatus is: monitor anoperation of the primary security apparatus, and generate a take-oversignal when a fault is detected in the operation of the primary securityapparatus; and where the primary security apparatus is to: monitor anoperation of the secondary security apparatus, and generate a take-oversignal when a fault is detected in the operation of the secondarysecurity apparatus.
 19. The system of claim 13, where the firstinformation and the second information are stored in a memory associatedwith the secondary security apparatus, the secondary security apparatusfurther to: reorder information, stored in the memory, to integraterecords respectively included in the first information and the secondinformation, each of the records including a label that identifies oneof the primary security apparatus or the secondary security apparatus.20. A method comprising: storing, by a first device, first informationrelating to processing a first flow associated with one or more firstpackets; storing, by the first device, second information relating toprocessing a second flow associated with one or more second packets andintended for a second device, the second device being different than thefirst device, and the second flow being different than the first flow;determining, by the first device, whether a failover event, associatedwith the second device, has occurred; activating, by the first device,the second information when the failover event has occurred; processing,by the first device and using the activated second information, packets,associated with the second flow, when the failover event has occurred;and processing, by the first device and using the first information,packets, associated with the first flow, when the failover event has notoccurred.
 21. The method of claim 20, where the failover event includes:a failure of the second device, or a failure of a link associated withthe second device.
 22. The method of claim 20, further comprising:receiving a signal associated with a fault in the second device; anddetermining that the failover event has occurred based on receiving thesignal.
 23. The method of claim 20, where the first information and thesecond information are stored in a memory, and the method furthercomprising: reordering information, stored in the memory, to integraterecords respectively included in the first information and the secondinformation, each of the records including a label that identifies oneof the first device or the second device.
 24. A non-transitorycomputer-readable medium comprising: a plurality of instructions which,when executed by a first device, cause the first device to: store firstinformation relating to processing a first flow associated with one ormore first packets; store second information relating to processing asecond flow associated with one or more second packets and intended fora second device, the second device being different than the firstdevice, and the second flow being different than the first flow;determine whether a failover event, associated with the second device,has occurred; activate the second information when the failover eventhas occurred; process, using the activated second information, packets,associated with the second flow, when the failover event has occurred;and process, using the first information, packets, associated with thefirst flow, when the failover event has not occurred.
 25. Thenon-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 24, where the failoverevent includes: a failure of the second device, or a failure of a linkassociated with the second device.
 26. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 24, further comprising one or moreinstructions to: receive a signal associated with a fault in the seconddevice; and determine that the failover event has occurred based onreceiving the signal.
 27. The non-transitory computer-readable medium ofclaim 24, where the first information and the second information arestored in a memory, and the non-transitory computer-readable mediumfurther comprising one or more instructions to: reorder information,stored in the memory, to integrate records respectively included in thefirst information and the second information, each of the recordsincluding a label that identifies one of the first device or the seconddevice.